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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Formelzeichen</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="toccolours float-right toptextcells infobox" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 25em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; empty-cells:collapse;" cellspacing="5" id="Vorlage_Infobox_Norm_DIN_1304" summary="Infobox Norm">
<tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe5" style="font-size:110%;">
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">
<table style="width:100%; font-size:110%;" class="hintergrundfarbe5">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width:1%; white-space:nowrap;"><span class="noresize"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="DIN-Norm" title="DIN-Norm"></a></span></span>
</td>
<th><a href="DIN-Norm" title="DIN-Norm">DIN</a> 1304
</th></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Titel
</td>
<td>Formelzeichen
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Teile
</td>
<td>9
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Letzte Ausgabe
</td>
<td>verschiedene
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><b>Formelzeichen</b> (auch: <b>Größensymbole</b>) sind <a href="Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbole</a>, die zur Bezeichnung <a href="Physikalische_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Physikalische Größe">physikalischer Größen</a> verwendet werden. Gemäß <b>DIN 1304</b> („Formelzeichen“) und <a href="Internationales_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fensystem" title="Internationales Größensystem"><i>ISO/IEC 80000</i></a> („Größen und Einheiten“) besteht ein Formelzeichen aus einem Grundzeichen und bei Bedarf aus Nebenzeichen, z. B. <a href="Indexmenge_(Mathematik)" title="Indexmenge (Mathematik)">Indizes</a>. Grundzeichen sind lateinische und <a href="Griechisches_Alphabet#Klassische_Buchstaben" title="Griechisches Alphabet">griechische</a> Groß- und Kleinbuchstaben. Nebenzeichen sind Buchstaben, Ziffern oder Sonderzeichen (z. B. *, ’, ~, ^). Grundzeichen aus mehreren Buchstaben sind nicht zugelassen, außer bei Kenngrößen (<a href="Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe_der_Dimension_Zahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Größe der Dimension Zahl">Größen der Dimension Zahl</a>) wie z. B. der <a href="Reynolds-Zahl" title="Reynolds-Zahl">Reynolds-Zahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathit {Re}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">R</mi>
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathit {Re}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b196b1d08a4ed1aad2eeec0f6f96611cb272c843.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.023ex; width:2.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {Re}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die Formelzeichen lehnen sich gelegentlich an englische oder lateinische Fachbegriffe an. Beispielsweise wird eine Kraft häufig mit dem Formelzeichen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet, das sich vom englischen <i>force</i> oder dem lateinischen <i>fortitudo</i> ableitet.
</p><p>Im Druck sind nach DIN 1304 und <a href="DIN_1313" class="mw-redirect" title="DIN 1313">DIN 1313</a> („Größen“) die Grundzeichen <a href="Kursivschrift" title="Kursivschrift">kursiv</a> zu setzen. <a href="DIN_1338" class="mw-redirect" title="DIN 1338">DIN 1338</a> („Formelschreibweise und Schriftsatz“) empfiehlt eine Schriftart mit <a href="Serifen" class="mw-redirect" title="Serifen">Serifen</a>. Eine solche Schrift beugt beispielsweise der Verwechslung des großen I (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}" loading="lazy"></span>) mit dem kleinen l (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/829091f745070b9eb97a80244129025440a1cfac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.693ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l}" loading="lazy"></span>) vor.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teile">Teile</h2></div>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Nummer
</th>
<th>Letzter/Aktueller Stand
</th>
<th>Titel
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>1304-1</td>
<td>1994-03</td>
<td><i>Allgemeine Formelzeichen</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1304-2</td>
<td>1989-09</td>
<td><i>Formelzeichen für <a href="Meteorologie" title="Meteorologie">Meteorologie</a> und <a href="Geophysik" title="Geophysik">Geophysik</a></i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1304-3</td>
<td>1989-03, zurückgezogen</td>
<td><i>Formelzeichen für die <a href="Elektrische_Energie" title="Elektrische Energie">elektrische Energieversorgung</a></i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1304-4</td>
<td>1986-09, zurückgezogen</td>
<td><i>Zusätzliche Formelzeichen für <a href="Akustik" title="Akustik">Akustik</a></i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1304-5</td>
<td>1989-09</td>
<td><i>Formelzeichen für die <a href="Str%C3%B6mungsmechanik" title="Strömungsmechanik">Strömungsmechanik</a></i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1304-6</td>
<td>1992-05, zurückgezogen</td>
<td><i>Formelzeichen für die elektrische <a href="Nachrichtentechnik" title="Nachrichtentechnik">Nachrichtentechnik</a></i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1304-7</td>
<td>1991-01, zurückgezogen</td>
<td><i>Formelzeichen für <a href="Elektrische_Maschine" title="Elektrische Maschine">elektrische Maschinen</a></i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1304-8</td>
<td>1994-02</td>
<td><i>Formelzeichen für <a href="Stromrichter" title="Stromrichter">Stromrichter</a> mit <a href="Halbleiter" title="Halbleiter">Halbleiterbauelementen</a></i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1304-9</td>
<td>2003-01</td>
<td><i>Formelzeichen für Ersatzschaltpläne von Schwingquarzen</i>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungsbeispiele">Anwendungsbeispiele</h2></div>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R={\frac {U}{I}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>U</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R={\frac {U}{I}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9aeac00e2c5ccebd661fab9f46ed99fcd4eae61e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.481ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R={\frac {U}{I}}}" loading="lazy"></span> bedeutet: Der <a href="Elektrischer_Widerstand" title="Elektrischer Widerstand">elektrische Widerstand</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> ist gleich der <a href="Elektrische_Spannung" title="Elektrische Spannung">elektrischen Spannung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> dividiert durch die <a href="Stromst%C3%A4rke" class="mw-redirect" title="Stromstärke">elektrische Stromstärke</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=m\cdot c^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=m\cdot c^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/80617a68b13047e006c36a92dd4f10a8053bf3db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.655ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=m\cdot c^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> bedeutet: Die <a href="Energie" title="Energie">Energie</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> ist gleich der <a href="Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik)">Masse</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> mal dem <a href="Quadrat_(Arithmetik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrat (Arithmetik)">Quadrat</a> der <a href="Lichtgeschwindigkeit" title="Lichtgeschwindigkeit">Lichtgeschwindigkeit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Formelzeichen können nur aus einem Grundzeichen bestehen – wie in den vorstehenden Beispielen gezeigt – oder zur weiteren Festlegung der Größe zusätzlich Nebenzeichen enthalten. Beispiele für die elektrische Spannung sind:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{\sim },\,U_{-}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∼<!-- ∼ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U_{\sim },\,U_{-}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1530dc3d874dfd37f483c412000b929216410500.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.618ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{\sim },\,U_{-}}" loading="lazy"></span>: Wechsel- und Gleichanteil einer Spannung</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}=U_{\mathrm {s} }={\sqrt {2}}\cdot U_{\mathrm {eff} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}=U_{\mathrm {s} }={\sqrt {2}}\cdot U_{\mathrm {eff} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/123a47c36d584a90e4d5abdb41894b1dc477e7a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.998ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}=U_{\mathrm {s} }={\sqrt {2}}\cdot U_{\mathrm {eff} }}" loading="lazy"></span>: Scheitelwert und Effektivwert bei sinusförmiger Wechselspannung</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} \ {\underline {U}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}({\underline {U}}+{\underline {U}}^{\ast })}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} \ {\underline {U}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}({\underline {U}}+{\underline {U}}^{\ast })}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0953683130579afb8a9a4f188a67f61856b5485.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.968ex; margin-bottom: -0.37ex; width:19.135ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} \ {\underline {U}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}({\underline {U}}+{\underline {U}}^{\ast })}" loading="lazy"></span>: Realteil in komplexer Schreibweise</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Häufig_verwendete_Sonderzeichen_in_Verbindung_mit_Formelzeichen"><span id="H.C3.A4ufig_verwendete_Sonderzeichen_in_Verbindung_mit_Formelzeichen"></span>Häufig verwendete Sonderzeichen in Verbindung mit Formelzeichen</h2></div>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Bedeutung
</th>
<th>Darstellung
</th>
<th>Beispiel
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Ma%C3%9Feinheit" title="Maßeinheit">Maßeinheit</a> einer Größe
</td>
<td>eckige Klammern um das Symbol der betreffenden Größe
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [F]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [F]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2495ec47ff372dabec343f9ef436e1bc8622d055.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.034ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [F]}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Scheitelwert" title="Scheitelwert">Scheitelwert</a>
</td>
<td>Zirkumflex, „Dach“
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28b0daee3e5310b67eb2222b45bea6236d002c69.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Betragsfunktion" title="Betragsfunktion">Betrag</a>
</td>
<td>Betragsstriche
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |x|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |x|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4eb41e5fd5dc37eaa1718dfbf4bc082edb991936.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.623ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |x|}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Mittelwert" title="Mittelwert">Mittelwert</a>
</td>
<td>Überstrich
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {v}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {v}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2c524716eca605a9b652cdb7a90357594b846157.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.243ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {v}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Erwartungswert" title="Erwartungswert">Erwartungswert</a>
</td>
<td>spitze Klammern
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle E\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle E\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/70555e89feeab8115d807a1fb93b9636475e3566.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.585ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle E\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>in ein anderes <a href="Bezugssystem" title="Bezugssystem">Bezugssystem</a> transformierte Größe
</td>
<td>Apostroph
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ac74959896052e160a5953102e4bc3850fe93b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.014ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x'}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>erste (zweite) <a href="Differentialrechnung" title="Differentialrechnung">Ableitung</a> nach dem Ort
</td>
<td>ein (zwei) Apostroph(e)
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi ',\,\varphi ''}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi ',\,\varphi ''}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b19dccf65724d1bcf7f0a6264bc278b174cf38c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.283ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi ',\,\varphi ''}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>erste (zweite) Ableitung nach der Zeit
</td>
<td>ein (zwei) Punkt(e) über dem Formelzeichen
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {x}},\,{\ddot {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {x}},\,{\ddot {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27790fea4af2d724b6c22ec3d1ace894e80c37db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.08ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {x}},\,{\ddot {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Komplexe_Konjugation" title="Komplexe Konjugation">komplexe Konjugation</a>
</td>
<td>hochgestelltes Sternchen
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Psi ^{\ast }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Psi ^{\ast }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/89a4e954b850a35f909d0564dadfe144687786b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.862ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Psi ^{\ast }}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">Vektoren</a>
</td>
<td>Pfeil oder Fettdruck
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}},\,{\boldsymbol {v}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">v</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}},\,{\boldsymbol {v}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5b1a8769d43e117341130f28a16455db4d64e05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.914ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}},\,{\boldsymbol {v}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrizen</a>
</td>
<td>Unterstrich oder Fettdruck
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\underline {I}},\,\mathbf {I} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">I</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\underline {I}},\,\mathbf {I} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5467fda74268c124ac6c5f4e058ed5a9caab6bcd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.511ex; margin-left: -0.091ex; margin-bottom: -0.827ex; width:3.697ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\underline {I}},\,\mathbf {I} }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Transponierung" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Transponierung">Transponierung</a>
</td>
<td>hochgestelltes „T“
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {T}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {T}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54bf0331204e30cba9ec7f695dfea97e6745a7c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\mathsf {T}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Adjungierter_Operator" title="Adjungierter Operator">Adjungierung</a>
</td>
<td>hochgestelltes Kreuz
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/253906923e0ca67ef31e4e2d99b9783ba62bebc5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.705ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{\dagger }}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Mathematische_Notation" title="Mathematische Notation">mathematische Notation</a></li>
<li><a href="Liste_physikalischer_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fen" title="Liste physikalischer Größen">Liste physikalischer Größen</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quellen">Quellen</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Deutsches_Institut_f%C3%BCr_Normung" title="Deutsches Institut für Normung">Deutsches Institut für Normung</a>: DIN 1304 <i>Formelzeichen; Allgemeine Formelzeichen.</i> Beuth-Verlag, 1994.</li>
<li>EN <a href="ISO_80000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 80000">ISO 80000</a>:2013 <i>Größen und Einheiten.</i></li></ul>
<div class="hintergrundfarbe1 rahmenfarbe1 navigation-not-searchable normdaten-typ-s" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; clear: left; margin-bottom:1em; margin-top:1em; padding: 0.25em; overflow: hidden; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;" id="normdaten">
<div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;">
<div>
Normdaten (Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4155010-9">4155010-9</a></span> </div>
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